Project Overview

In 2024, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contracted Cascadia Consulting Group to lead a multi-year effort to assess the potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a feedstock for biofuel production. The work combines field sampling, laboratory analysis, and systems-level evaluation to better understand how existing waste infrastructure might support large-scale renewable energy applications.

Approach and Impact

Cascadia’s role included identifying and evaluating MSW management facilities across the country to determine their suitability for participation in the study. Nearly 50 facilities in 20 states were recruited as sampling sites, where our field teams are charged with collecting nearly 700 samples directly from incoming collection vehicles during routine operations. 

These samples are prepared and distributed for laboratory analysis at Virginia Tech and University of Massachusetts Lowell, where they are characterized using established laboratory methods. Additional portions are processed using anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce biogas and biocrude, which are further analyzed to evaluate their potential for use in biofuel production.

Data from the sampling, characterization, and conversion processes are aggregated, analyzed, and being used to develop MSW feedstock resource maps, which will be made accessible for online reference. These maps focus on existing, purpose-built facilities that can support this work without requiring modification, offering a practical view of how current systems might contribute to future bioenergy strategies.

Cascadia’s field research and analytical support are contributing to a body of research along with life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) that will not only quantify feedstock potential but also help assess environmental impacts and economic feasibility. This project is contributing to a growing body of research, including presentations and publications developed in collaboration with university partners, to advance understanding of MSW as a resource within regional and national energy systems.

Cascadia was contracted by the U.S. Department of Energy to lead a multi-year effort to evaluate municipal solid waste (MSW) as a potential feedstock for nationwide biofuel production. Through field sampling, laboratory coordination, and analysis, the project is helping build a clearer picture of how existing materials management systems might contribute to emerging energy pathways.

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